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Israeli settlements〔(EU Trade with Israeli Settlements ), a briefing paper〕 are generally exclusively Jewish〔Oded Haklai, 'The Decisive Path of State Indecisiveness: Israeli Settlers in the West Bank in Comparative Perspective,' in Oded Haklai,Neophytos Loizide (eds.), ( ''Settlers in Contested Lands: Territorial Disputes and Ethnic Conflicts,'' ) Stanford University Press 2015 pp.17-38 p.19:'‘the Israel settlers reside almost solely in exclusively Jewish communities (one exception is a small enclave within the city of Hebron).'〕〔Michael Dumper, (''Jerusalem Unbound: Geography, History, and the Future of the Holy City,'' ) Columbia University Press 2014 p.85.'‘This is despite huge efforts by successive governments to fragment and encircle Palestinian residential areas with exclusively Jewish zones of residence – the settlements.'〕 Israeli civilian communities built on lands occupied by Israel since the 1967 Six-Day War. Such settlements currently exist in the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and in the Golan Heights. A number Palestinians reside in settlements in East Jerusalem.〔Williams, Dan (Leave or let live? Arabs move in to Jewish settlements ) Reuters. 7 Dec 2014〕 Settlements previously existed in the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip until Israel evacuated the Sinai settlements following the 1979 Israel-Egypt peace agreement and from the Gaza Strip in 2005 under Israel's unilateral disengagement plan. Israel dismantled 18 settlements in the Sinai Peninsula in 1982, and all 21 in the Gaza Strip and 4 in the West Bank in 2005,〔 *〕 but continues to both expand its settlements and settle new areas in the West Bank,〔Anthony Cordesman, Jennifer Moravitz, (''The Israeli-Palestinian war: escalating to nowhere,'' ) Greenwood Publishing Group, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2005 p.432.:'Between 1993 and 1999, settlers established 42 "unofficial" settlements, only four of which were subsequently dismantled. More than a dozen new settlements were established between the 1998 Wye Accord (it's the Wye River Memorandum, but Oslo Accords ) and the outbreak of war, although former Prime Minister Netanyahu supposedly promised Clinton that he would halt expansion.' p.433.〕〔Zeev Maoz (''Defending the Holy Land: a critical analysis of Israel's security & foreign policy,'' ) University of Michigan Press, 2006 p.472: 'As can be seen from the table, in 1993 there were about 110,000 settlers in the occupied territories. In 2001 there were 195,000 (Note that the number of settlers increased by 18 percent during the Al Aqsa Intifada). This was an increase of 73 percent'〕〔Marwan Bishara, (''Palestine/Israel: peace or apartheid'' ) Zed Books, 2003 p.133: 'The settlement expansion has continued unabated...and accelerated after the launch of the peace process.' p.133.〕〔Baylis Thomas, (''The Dark Side of Zionism: Israel's Quest for Security Through Dominance'' ) Lexington Books, 3011 p.137:'Six years after the agreement there were more Israeli settlements, less freedom of movement, and worse economic conditions." Settlement building and roads for Jewish settlers proceeded at a frenetic pace under Barak – the classic Zionist maneuver of creating of facts on the ground to preclude a Palestinian state.' p.137.〕 despite pressure to desist from the international community. The international community considers the settlements in occupied territory to be illegal,〔 * * * * * *Civilian and military presence as strategies of territorial control: The Arab-Israel conflict, David Newman, Political Geography Quarterly Volume 8, Issue 3, July 1989, Pages 215–227 〕 and the United Nations has repeatedly upheld the view that Israel's construction of settlements constitutes a violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention.〔 * * *〕 Israeli neighborhoods in East Jerusalem and communities in the Golan Heights, the latter of which has been annexed by Israel, are also considered settlements by the international community, which does not recognise Israel's annexations of these territories.〔Donald MacIntyre, (The Big Question: What are Israeli settlements, and why are they coming under pressure? ), ''The Independent'' 29 May 2009〕 The International Court of Justice also says these settlements are illegal in a 2004 advisory opinion.〔(fco.gov.uk )〕〔Regarding international organizations and courts of law, see (); regarding the UN, see UN General Assembly resolution 39/146, 14 December 1984; UN Security Council Resolution 446, 22 March 1979; and International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion, 9 July 2004, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, para 120; Regarding the European Union position, see (The Syrian Golan )〕 In April 2012, UN secretary general Ban Ki-Moon, in response to moves by Israel to legalise Israeli outposts, reiterated that all settlement activity is illegal, and "runs contrary to Israel's obligations under the Road Map and repeated Quartet calls for the parties to refrain from provocations."〔Natasha Mozgovaya, Reuters and The Associated Press,(Palestinians call on UN to stop Israeli settlement legalization ), at Haaretz, 26 April 2012.〕 Similar criticism was advanced by the EU and the US. Israel disputes the position of the international community and the legal arguments that were used to declare the settlements illegal. The presence and ongoing expansion of existing settlements by Israel and the construction of settlement outposts is frequently criticized as an obstacle to the peace process by the Palestinians, and third parties such as the OIC,〔("OIC Secretary General hails EU decision on Israeli settlements" ). United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine - OIC Statement to UN. Accessed March 14, 2015.〕 the United Nations, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, the European Union, and the United States have echoed those criticisms.〔 Settlement has an economic dimension, much of it driven by the significantly lower costs of housing in Jewish settlements compared to the cost of housing and living in Israel.〔('The economics at the heart of Israel's illegal settlements,' ) Ma'an News Agency 7 January 2015.〕 Government spendings per citizen in the Jewish settlements are double those to Israelis in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, while government spending for settlers in isolated areas are three times the Israeli national average. Most of the spendings go to the security of the citizens living there.〔Jodi Rudoren, Jeremy Ashkenas,('Netanyahu and the Settlements,' ) New York Times 12 March 2015.:'the government spent about $950 supporting each West Bank resident in 2014, more than double its investment in people living in Tel Aviv or Jerusalem; in isolated settlements, it was $1,483 per capita.'〕 On 30 June 2014, according to the Yesha Council, 382,031 Jewish settlers lived in the 121 officially recognised settlements in the West Bank, over 300,000 Israelis lived in settlements in East Jerusalem and over 20,000 lived in settlements in the Golan Heights. In January 2015 the Israeli Interior Ministry gave figures of 389,250 Israelis living in the West Bank and a further 375,000 Israelis living in East Jerusalem. Settlements range in character from farming communities and frontier villages to urban suburbs and neighborhoods. The four largest settlements, Modi'in Illit, Ma'ale Adumim, Beitar Illit and Ariel, have achieved city status. Ariel has 18,000 residents, while the rest have around 37,000 to 55,500 each. ==History== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Israeli settlement」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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